Knowledge Diagram Navigation:

Spatial co-ordinations are initially random, and will automatically re-arrange to minimize complexity based on distance between relationships. Mouse down and drag to pan. Right click on the strategic diagram toggles between motion and stationary. Hover over abstract node (orange) to view abstractions. Hover over leaf node to view corresponding narrative. Left click on the leaf node expands the narrative to view full text.

Narrative Analysis - Report

Key Focus

Because of AI's capacity to weave information and rules with acquired experience to support decision-making, it can be applied to enable a larger set of workers possessing complementary knowledge to perform some of the higher-stakes decision-making tasks that are currently arrogated to elite experts, e.g., medical care to doctors, document production to lawyers, software coding to computer engineers, and undergraduate education to professors. ...

It would simultaneously temper the monopoly power that doctors hold over medical care, lawyers over document production, software engineers over computer code, professors over undergraduate education, etc. ...

Momentum supporting factors

(workers,education,johnson)

(workers,production,education,johnson)

(workers,production,johnson)

(human,computer,solos)

(human,knowledge,computer,solos)

(human,computer,riffing)

(human,knowledge,computer,riffing)

(human,knowledge,riffing)

(human,knowledge,computer,music)

(human,knowledge,computer,melodies)

(human,knowledge,solos)

No challenge supporting factor found

Work-in-progress supporting factors

(workers,production,computer,software)

(workers,production,computer,medical)

(workers,production,computer,education)

(workers,production,computer,doctors)

(workers,decision-making,information,doctors)

(workers,information,experts,doctors)

(workers,information,higher-stakes,doctors)

(workers,software,decision-making,doctors)

(workers,software,decision-making,information)

(workers,decision-making,doctors,medical)

(workers,software,decision-making,higher-stakes)

(workers,software,decision-making,experts)

(workers,software,decision-making,arrogated)

(workers,software,medical,computer)

(jobs,non-routine,occupations)

Time Period	Challenge	Momentum	WIP
Report	0.00	8.50	91.51

High Level Abstraction (HLA) combined

High Level Abstraction (HLA)	Report
(1) (workers,production,computer,software)	100.00
(2) (workers,production,computer,medical)	98.76
(3) (workers,production,computer,education)	96.97
(4) (workers,production,computer,doctors)	93.65
(5) (workers,decision-making,information,doctors)	85.76
(6) (workers,information,experts,doctors)	84.78
(7) (workers,information,higher-stakes,doctors)	84.44
(8) (workers,software,decision-making,doctors)	82.95
(9) (workers,software,decision-making,information)	81.50
(10) (workers,decision-making,doctors,medical)	80.39
(11) (workers,software,decision-making,higher-stakes)	79.67
(12) (workers,software,decision-making,experts)	76.56
(13) (workers,software,decision-making,arrogated)	70.59
(14) (workers,software,medical,computer)	67.52
(15) (jobs,non-routine,occupations)	66.03
(16) (workers,jobs,non-routine,occupations)	65.30
(17) (workers,jobs,occupations)	64.36
(18) (workers,jobs,service,occupations)	64.07
(19) (workers,production,occupations)	63.81
(20) (jobs,service,software)	63.64
(21) (workers,jobs,service,software)	63.38
(22) (workers,jobs,software)	63.34
(23) (jobs,non-routine,shunted)	62.87
(24) (jobs,occupations,hands-on,shunted)	62.45
(25) (jobs,occupations,production,shunted)	61.64
(26) (jobs,occupations,shunted)	60.78
(27) (jobs,service,hands-on,shunted)	60.19
(28) (jobs,service,occupations,shunted)	59.68
(29) (jobs,service,shunted)	59.34
(30) (workers,jobs,non-routine,shunted)	58.70
(31) (workers,jobs,service,shunted)	58.48
(32) (workers,jobs,shunted)	58.35
(33) (jobs,software,radiology)	58.27
(34) (workers,jobs,service,radiology)	58.23
(35) (jobs,software,productivity)	58.10
(36) (workers,jobs,service,productivity)	58.06
(37) (jobs,non-routine,production)	57.72
(38) (jobs,occupations,hands-on,production)	57.29
(39) (jobs,service,hands-on,production)	56.01
(40) (jobs,service,occupations,production)	55.75
(41) (workers,jobs,non-routine,production)	54.90
(42) (jobs,service,occupations,hands-on)	54.73
(43) (workers,jobs,service,production)	54.60
(44) (jobs,non-routine,service)	54.22
(45) (workers,jobs,non-routine,service)	53.58
(46) (workers,computers,polanyi)	53.32
(47) (workers,jobs,non-routine,polanyi)	53.07
(48) (workers,professionals,computers,polanyi)	52.69
(49) (jobs,occupations,production,ministrative)	52.56
(50) (workers,jobs,non-routine,ministrative)	52.47
(51) (workers,jobs,non-routine,high-paid)	52.39
(52) (workers,jobs,computers)	51.75
(53) (workers,jobs,services)	51.71
(54) (human,computer,software)	51.24
(55) (human,knowledge,computer,software)	50.94
(56) (human,knowledge,software)	50.17
(57) (workers,production,education,software)	49.87
(58) (workers,production,education,medical)	49.15
(59) (workers,production,software,medical)	49.02
(60) (workers,decision-making,medical,education)	48.98
(61) (workers,software,medical,education)	48.17
(62) (workers,education,medical,doctors)	47.74
(63) (workers,education,software,doctors)	47.31
(64) (workers,production,education,doctors)	46.59
(65) (workers,production,medical,doctors)	46.46
(66) (workers,production,software,doctors)	46.33
(67) (workers,software,medical,doctors)	45.95
(68) (human,computer,decision-making)	45.87
(69) (human,decision-making)	45.61
(70) (human,knowledge,computer,decision-making)	45.44
(71) (human,knowledge,decision-making)	44.93
(72) (workers,education,computer,decision-making)	44.63
(73) (workers,education,decision-making)	44.12
(74) (workers,education,doctors,decision-making)	44.08
(75) (workers,education,software,decision-making)	43.52
(76) (workers,production,computer,decision-making)	43.27
(77) (workers,production,doctors,decision-making)	42.97
(78) (workers,production,education,decision-making)	42.80
(79) (workers,production,medical,decision-making)	42.58
(80) (workers,production,software,decision-making)	42.46
(81) (workers,software,medical,decision-making)	42.33
(82) (workers,production,computer,tool)	42.24
(83) (workers,education,johnson)	42.16
(84) (workers,production,education,johnson)	42.11
(85) (workers,production,johnson)	41.99
(86) (workers,decision-making,production,monopoly)	41.94
(87) (workers,education,computer,monopoly)	41.82
(88) (workers,education,doctors,monopoly)	41.60
(89) (workers,education,medical,monopoly)	41.43
(90) (workers,education,software,monopoly)	41.22
(91) (workers,production,doctors,monopoly)	41.18
(92) (workers,production,medical,monopoly)	41.09
(93) (workers,production,software,monopoly)	40.96
(94) (workers,software,medical,monopoly)	40.88
(95) (workers,software,doctors,information)	40.62
(96) (workers,decision-making,doctors,higher-stakes)	40.49
(97) (workers,decision-making,information,higher-stakes)	40.20
(98) (workers,software,doctors,higher-stakes)	39.68
(99) (workers,software,information,higher-stakes)	39.60
(100) (workers,decision-making,doctors,experts)	39.51

Supporting narratives:

Please refer to knowledge diagram for a complete set of supporting narratives.

momentum - Back to HLA

Mass production meant breaking the 2The original is, "La fatalit e triomphe d`es que l'on croit en elle" (de Beauvoir, 1952) 3Though not covered in this essay, see Acemoglu and Johnson (2023) and Acemoglu, Autor and Johnson (2023) for practical ideas on how to target these goals3 complex work of artisans into discreet, self-contained and often quite simple steps that could be carried out mechanistically by a team of production workers, aided by machinery and overseen by managers with higher education levels ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,education,johnson)
(workers,production,johnson)
(workers,production,education,johnson)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(johnson,production,workers) [inferred]
(education,johnson,workers) [inferred]
(education,johnson,production,workers) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

If a traditional computer program is akin to a classical performer playing only the notes on the sheet music, AI is more like a jazz musician - riffing on existing melodies, taking improvisational solos and humming new tunes. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,knowledge,computer,melodies)
(human,knowledge,computer,solos)
(human,computer,solos)
Inferred entity relationships (19)
(computer,human,knowledge,melodies) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(computer,human,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,software) [inferred]
(computer,human,software) [inferred]
(computer,human,production) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,music) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,one-off) [inferred]
(computer,human,limitations,tool) [inferred]
(computer,human,riffing) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,software) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

If a traditional computer program is akin to a classical performer playing only the notes on the sheet music, AI is more like a jazz musician - riffing on existing melodies, taking improvisational solos and humming new tunes ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,knowledge,computer,riffing)
(human,knowledge,riffing)
(human,computer,riffing)
(human,knowledge,computer,music)
Inferred entity relationships (19)
(computer,human,knowledge,melodies) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(computer,human,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,software) [inferred]
(computer,human,software) [inferred]
(computer,human,production) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,music) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,one-off) [inferred]
(computer,human,limitations,tool) [inferred]
(computer,human,riffing) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,software) [inferred]

momentum - Back to HLA

If a traditional computer program is akin to a classical performer playing only the notes on the sheet music, AI is more like a jazz musician - riffing on existing melodies, taking improvisational solos and humming new tunes. Like a human expert, AI can weave formal knowledge (rules) with acquired experience to make - or support - one-off, high-stakes decisions ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,knowledge,solos)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,one-off) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,software) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Workers who in earlier decades would have qualified for mass expertise jobs in clerical, ad6 ministrative and production occupations were instead shunted into non-routine, hands-on service occupations ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,jobs,non-routine,production)
(workers,jobs,non-routine,occupations)
(workers,production,occupations)
(workers,jobs,occupations)
(jobs,non-routine,occupations)
(workers,jobs,service,production)
(workers,jobs,non-routine,ministrative)
(jobs,service,occupations,production)
(jobs,occupations,production,ministrative)
(jobs,non-routine,production)
(jobs,occupations,hands-on,production)
(workers,jobs,service,occupations)
(jobs,service,hands-on,production)
Inferred entity relationships (42)
(occupations,production,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,shunted) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,security,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,ministrative,non-routine,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,verbalize) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,service,services) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi) [inferred]
(jobs,production,service,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,production,service) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,security,service) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,service,shunted) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,security) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,sightedness) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,ministrative,occupations,production) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,services) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,production) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,production) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,software) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,service) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

If AI unleashes a surge of productivity in radiology, customer service, software coding, copywriting and many other domains, won't that mean that we'll be left with fewer workers doing the jobs previously done by many ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,jobs,software)
(workers,jobs,service,productivity)
(workers,jobs,service,software)
(jobs,service,software)
(jobs,software,radiology)
(jobs,software,productivity)
(workers,jobs,service,radiology)
Inferred entity relationships (9)
(jobs,productivity,software) [inferred]
(jobs,service,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,radiology,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,service,services) [inferred]
(jobs,radiology,software) [inferred]
(jobs,service,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,service,software,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,service,software) [inferred]
(jobs,productivity,service,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Workers who in earlier decades would have qualified for mass expertise jobs in clerical, ad6 ministrative and production occupations were instead shunted into non-routine, hands-on service occupations. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,occupations,shunted)
(workers,jobs,shunted)
(jobs,service,hands-on,shunted)
(workers,jobs,non-routine,shunted)
(jobs,occupations,hands-on,non-routine)
(jobs,service,occupations,non-routine)
(jobs,occupations,production,shunted)
(workers,jobs,service,shunted)
(jobs,non-routine,shunted)
(jobs,non-routine,service)
(jobs,service,occupations,shunted)
(jobs,occupations,production,non-routine)
(jobs,service,shunted)
(jobs,service,hands-on,non-routine)
(jobs,occupations,hands-on,shunted)
(workers,jobs,non-routine,service)
(jobs,service,occupations,hands-on)
Inferred entity relationships (44)
(jobs,service,shunted) [inferred]
(occupations,production,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,service,software,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,service,software) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,security,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,service,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,verbalize) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,service,services) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,production,service) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,security,service) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,service,shunted) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,security) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,sightedness) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,service,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,services) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,production) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,production) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,software) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,service) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Because many high-paid jobs are intensive in non-routine tasks, Polanyi's Paradox proved a major constraint on what work traditional computers could do (Autor, 2014) ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,jobs,non-routine,high-paid)
(workers,computers,polanyi)
(workers,jobs,non-routine,polanyi)
(workers,professionals,computers,polanyi)
Inferred entity relationships (16)
(jobs,non-routine,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,production) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,verbalize) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,sightedness) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi) [inferred]
(computers,polanyi,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi,workers) [inferred]
(computers,polanyi,professionals,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Because many high-paid jobs are intensive in non-routine tasks, Polanyi's Paradox proved a major constraint on what work traditional computers could do (Autor, 2014). ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,jobs,computers)

WIP - Back to HLA

Not only could this dampen earnings inequality and lower the costs of key services like healthcare and education, but it could also help restore the quality, stature and agency that has been lost to too many workers and jobs ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,services,healthcare)
(workers,jobs,services)
Inferred entity relationships (1)
(jobs,services,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Because of AI's capacity to weave information and rules with acquired experience to support decision-making, it can be applied to enable a larger set of workers possessing complementary knowledge to perform some of the higher-stakes decision-making tasks that are currently arrogated to elite experts, e.g., medical care to doctors, document production to lawyers, software coding to computer engineers, and undergraduate education to professors ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,information,arrogated,production)
(workers,production,software,doctors)
(workers,production,education,software)
(human,computer,decision-making)
(workers,software,higher-stakes,production)
(workers,production,computer,medical)
(human,knowledge,software)
(workers,information,doctors,arrogated)
(workers,decision-making,doctors,higher-stakes)
(workers,software,decision-making,arrogated)
(workers,information,higher-stakes,experts)
(workers,production,computer,software)
(workers,software,information,experts)
(workers,education,decision-making)
(human,knowledge,computer,decision-making)
(human,knowledge,computer,production)
(workers,software,decision-making,doctors)
(workers,software,doctors,experts)
(human,knowledge,decision-making)
(workers,software,doctors,information)
(workers,decision-making,doctors,medical)
(workers,decision-making,information,higher-stakes)
(workers,software,higher-stakes,experts)
(workers,production,education,doctors)
(workers,decision-making,higher-stakes,experts)
(workers,information,doctors,production)
(workers,education,computer,decision-making)
(workers,software,decision-making,experts)
(workers,education,doctors,decision-making)
(human,knowledge,workers)
(workers,production,education,decision-making)
(workers,decision-making,higher-stakes,production)
(workers,information,higher-stakes,arrogated)
(workers,production,education,medical)
(workers,education,software,decision-making)
(workers,information,experts,arrogated)
(workers,education,software,doctors)
(human,knowledge,production)
(workers,software,experts,production)
(workers,production,computer,decision-making)
(workers,software,doctors,higher-stakes)
(workers,production,doctors,decision-making)
(workers,software,higher-stakes,arrogated)
(workers,decision-making,information,experts)
(workers,software,decision-making,information)
(workers,software,experts,arrogated)
(human,knowledge,computer,workers)
(workers,decision-making,information,arrogated)
(workers,production,software,decision-making)
(human,computer,production)
(human,computer,workers)
(workers,decision-making,experts,production)
(workers,information,higher-stakes,production)
(workers,decision-making,doctors,experts)
(human,computer,software)
(workers,information,experts,production)
(workers,software,information,higher-stakes)
(workers,education,medical,doctors)
(workers,production,medical,doctors)
(workers,software,information,arrogated)
(workers,software,decision-making,higher-stakes)
(workers,software,information,production)
(workers,production,computer,doctors)
(workers,information,experts,doctors)
(workers,production,medical,decision-making)
(workers,decision-making,higher-stakes,arrogated)
(workers,information,higher-stakes,doctors)
(workers,software,medical,decision-making)
(workers,decision-making,information,doctors)
(human,knowledge,computer,software)
(workers,software,medical,doctors)
(human,decision-making)
(workers,decision-making,experts,arrogated)
(workers,production,software,medical)
Inferred entity relationships (90)
(computer,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,melodies) [inferred]
(computer,human,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,experts,information,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,production,workers) [inferred]
(experts,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,production,tool,workers) [inferred]
(experts,information,production,workers) [inferred]
(higher-stakes,information,production,workers) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,software) [inferred]
(arrogated,higher-stakes,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,software) [inferred]
(decision-making,education,production,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,music) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,production,workers) [inferred]
(education,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,experts,information,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,higher-stakes,information,workers) [inferred]
(computer,doctors,education,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,education,medical,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,production,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,decision-making,information,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,information,software,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,experts,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(doctors,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,experts,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,information,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,human) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,software) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,higher-stakes,workers) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,one-off) [inferred]
(doctors,information,production,workers) [inferred]
(experts,higher-stakes,information,workers) [inferred]
(education,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,higher-stakes,information,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,monopoly,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,medical,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,education,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,higher-stakes,production,workers) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(decision-making,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,medical,non-elite,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,decision-making,software,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,information,production,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,production) [inferred]
(doctors,information,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,information,professionals,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,higher-stakes,information,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,human,knowledge) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,education,workers) [inferred]
(medical,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,experts,production,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,decision-making,higher-stakes,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,medical,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,experts,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,solos) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,medical,workers) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,human,knowledge) [inferred]
(higher-stakes,information,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,limitations,tool) [inferred]
(computer,human,riffing) [inferred]
(higher-stakes,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,higher-stakes,software,workers) [inferred]
(information,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,information,workers) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,education,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,experts,software,workers) [inferred]
(experts,higher-stakes,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,higher-stakes,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,software,workers) [inferred]
(education,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,decision-making,experts,workers) [inferred]
(education,medical,monopoly,workers) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,human) [inferred]
(decision-making,experts,higher-stakes,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,solos) [inferred]
(experts,information,software,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,experts,information,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,education,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

It would simultaneously temper the monopoly power that doctors hold over medical care, lawyers over document production, software engineers over computer code, professors over undergraduate education, etc ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,production,doctors,monopoly)
(workers,education,software,monopoly)
(workers,production,software,monopoly)
(workers,production,computer,medical)
(workers,education,doctors,monopoly)
(workers,production,computer,doctors)
(workers,decision-making,production,monopoly)
(workers,education,computer,monopoly)
(workers,software,medical,monopoly)
(workers,production,computer,software)
(workers,education,medical,monopoly)
(workers,production,medical,monopoly)
Inferred entity relationships (17)
(computer,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(education,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(medical,monopoly,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,doctors,education,workers) [inferred]
(medical,monopoly,production,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,software,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,production,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,medical,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,production,workers) [inferred]
(computer,production,tool,workers) [inferred]
(monopoly,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(education,monopoly,software,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,software,workers) [inferred]
(education,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(medical,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,medical,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Because of AI's capacity to weave information and rules with acquired experience to support decision-making, it can be applied to enable a larger set of workers possessing complementary knowledge to perform some of the higher-stakes decision-making tasks that are currently arrogated to elite experts, e.g., medical care to doctors, document production to lawyers, software coding to computer engineers, and undergraduate education to professors. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,education,medical,computer)
(workers,decision-making,medical,education)
(workers,software,medical,computer)
(workers,production,computer,education)
(workers,education,doctors,computer)
(workers,education,software,computer)
(workers,software,medical,education)
(workers,decision-making,medical,computer)
Inferred entity relationships (24)
(education,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,doctors,production,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,software,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,monopoly,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,production,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,education,medical,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,monopoly,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,education,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,human,knowledge) [inferred]
(doctors,education,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,education,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,medical,non-elite,workers) [inferred]
(education,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,education,production,workers) [inferred]
(education,medical,monopoly,workers) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,human) [inferred]
(computer,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(computer,decision-making,production,workers) [inferred]
(education,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,medical,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,education,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

It would simultaneously temper the monopoly power that doctors hold over medical care, lawyers over document production, software engineers over computer code, professors over undergraduate education, etc. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,production,computer,education)
(workers,software,medical,computer)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(computer,education,monopoly,workers) [inferred]
(education,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,education,medical,workers) [inferred]
(computer,medical,production,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

The computer provided a second such tool, one with extraordinary capabilities and profound limitations. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,computer,tool,limitations)
(workers,production,computer,tool)
Inferred entity relationships (13)
(computer,human,knowledge,melodies) [inferred]
(computer,production,software,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(computer,human,workers) [inferred]
(computer,human,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,software) [inferred]
(computer,human,software) [inferred]
(computer,human,production) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,music) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,solos) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(computer,human,riffing) [inferred]
(computer,human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Because artificial intelligence can weave information and rules with acquired experience to support decision-making, it can enable a larger set of workers equipped with necessary foundational training to perform higher-stakes decision-making tasks currently arrogated to elite experts, such as doctors, lawyers, software engineers and college professors ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,software,decision-making,arrogated)
(workers,software,decision-making,experts)
(workers,software,decision-making,information)
(workers,software,decision-making,higher-stakes)
Inferred entity relationships (9)
(decision-making,experts,production,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,decision-making,higher-stakes,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,higher-stakes,information,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,decision-making,experts,workers) [inferred]
(arrogated,decision-making,information,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,information,professionals,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,experts,higher-stakes,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,higher-stakes,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,experts,information,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Because artificial intelligence can weave information and rules with acquired experience to support decision-making, it can enable a larger set of workers equipped with necessary foundational training to perform higher-stakes decision-making tasks currently arrogated to elite experts, such as doctors, lawyers, software engineers and college professors. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,information,higher-stakes,doctors)
(workers,software,decision-making,doctors)
(workers,decision-making,information,doctors)
(workers,information,experts,doctors)
Inferred entity relationships (15)
(doctors,higher-stakes,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,information,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,medical,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,experts,software,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,information,software,workers) [inferred]
(higher-stakes,information,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,higher-stakes,workers) [inferred]
(experts,information,software,workers) [inferred]
(experts,information,production,workers) [inferred]
(higher-stakes,information,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,education,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,information,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,experts,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Computers enabled professionals to spend less time acquiring and organizing information, and more time interpreting and applying that information - that is, engaged in actual decision-making ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,decision-making,information,professionals)
(workers,professionals,information)
(workers,professionals,computers,information)
(workers,computers,information)
Inferred entity relationships (4)
(information,professionals,workers) [inferred]
(computers,information,professionals,workers) [inferred]
(computers,information,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,information,software,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

It would support and supplement judgment, thus enabling a larger set of non-elite workers to engage in high-stakes decision-making. It would simultaneously temper the monopoly power that doctors hold over medical care, lawyers over document production, software engineers over computer code, professors over undergraduate education, etc ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,decision-making,doctors,medical)
(workers,decision-making,medical,non-elite)
Inferred entity relationships (10)
(doctors,medical,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,information,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,software,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,higher-stakes,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,education,workers) [inferred]
(doctors,medical,production,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,doctors,experts,workers) [inferred]
(decision-making,medical,software,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Because many high-paid jobs are intensive in non-routine tasks, Polanyi's Paradox proved a major constraint on what work traditional computers could do (Autor, 2014). Managers, professionals and technical workers are regularly called upon to exercise judgment (not rules) on one-off, high-stakes cases: choosing a treatment plan for an oncology patient, crafting a legal brief, leading a team or organization, designing a building, engineering a software product or safely landing a plane in dangerous conditions ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,computers,technical)
(workers,professionals,computers,technical)
(workers,professionals,technical)
Inferred entity relationships (2)
(professionals,technical,workers) [inferred]
(computers,professionals,software,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Managers, professionals and technical workers are regularly called upon to exercise judgment (not rules) on one-off, high-stakes cases: choosing a treatment plan for an oncology patient, crafting a legal brief, leading a team or organization, designing a building, engineering a software product or safely landing a plane in dangerous conditions. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,computers,software)
(workers,professionals,computers,product)
(workers,professionals,software)
(workers,professionals,computers,software)
(workers,computers,product)
(workers,professionals,high-stakes,product)
(workers,professionals,high-stakes,software)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(computers,product,professionals,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,technical,workers) [inferred]
(computers,product,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,uncommonly,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,reallocated,workers) [inferred]
(professionals,software,workers) [inferred]
(computers,professionals,technical,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Managers, professionals and technical workers are regularly called upon to exercise judgment (not rules) on one-off, high-stakes cases: choosing a treatment plan for an oncology patient, crafting a legal brief, leading a team or organization, designing a building, engineering a software product or safely landing a plane in dangerous conditions ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,computers,one-off)
(workers,professionals,computers,one-off)
(workers,professionals,high-stakes,technical)
Inferred entity relationships (6)
(professionals,technical,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,uncommonly,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,reallocated,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,software,workers) [inferred]
(computers,one-off,workers) [inferred]
(computers,one-off,professionals,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

What makes the NP occupation relevant here is that it offers an uncommonly large-scale case where high-stakes professional tasks - diagnosing, treating and prescribing - have been reallocated (or co-assigned) from the most elite professional workers (MDs) to another set of professionals (NPs) with somewhat less elite (though still substantial) formal expertise and training ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,professionals,high-stakes,reallocated)
(workers,professionals,high-stakes,uncommonly)
(workers,professionals,uncommonly)
(workers,professionals,high-stakes,prescribing)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(professionals,uncommonly,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,uncommonly,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,reallocated,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,software,workers) [inferred]
(high-stakes,professionals,technical,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Ironically, computerization proved just as consequential for those employed in non-expert work. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,computerization,non-expert)
(workers,professionals,computerization,non-expert)
Inferred entity relationships (2)
(computerization,jobs,sightedness) [inferred]
(computerization,jobs,non-routine) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

This was a doubleedged sword, however: computers automated away the mass expertise of the non-elite workers on whom professionals used to rely.. . Ironically, computerization proved just as consequential for those employed in non-expert work ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,professionals,computerization,non-elite)

WIP - Back to HLA

This was a doubleedged sword, however: computers automated away the mass expertise of the non-elite workers on whom professionals used to rely. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(workers,professionals,computerization,doubleedged)
(workers,professionals,computerization,computers)
Inferred entity relationships (2)
(computers,professionals,software,workers) [inferred]
(computers,professionals,technical,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Many of the lowest-paid jobs in industrialized countries are found in hands-on service occupations: food service, cleaning and janitorial services, security, and personal care ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,services,lowest-paid)
(jobs,countries,service)
(jobs,services,hands-on)
(jobs,service,occupations,hands-on)
Inferred entity relationships (37)
(countries,jobs,security) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(jobs,service,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,services) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,security,service) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,service,shunted) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,services) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,service,software,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,security) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,service,software) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,stratum) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,security,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,non-expert) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,service,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,production) [inferred]
(jobs,service,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,services,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,software) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,stratum) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,service,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,service) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,production,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Many of the lowest-paid jobs in industrialized countries are found in hands-on service occupations: food service, cleaning and janitorial services, security, and personal care. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,service,services)
(jobs,services,janitorial)
(jobs,service,hands-on,security)
(jobs,occupations,hands-on,security)
(jobs,countries,security)
(jobs,services,security)
(jobs,occupations,services)
(jobs,service,hands-on,services)
(jobs,countries,services)
(jobs,service,occupations,services)
(jobs,service,security)
(jobs,occupations,hands-on,services)
(jobs,service,occupations,security)
Inferred entity relationships (40)
(countries,jobs,security) [inferred]
(jobs,service,shunted) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,service,software,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,service,software) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,security,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,non-expert) [inferred]
(jobs,security,service) [inferred]
(jobs,service,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,service,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,production,service) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,security,service) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,service,shunted) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,security) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,security,services) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,service,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,services) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,production) [inferred]
(jobs,services,workers) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,software) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,stratum) [inferred]
(hands-on,jobs,occupations,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Simultaneously, it automated away a broad middle-skill stratum of jobs in administrative support, clerical and blue-collar production occupations ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,occupations,production,stratum)
(jobs,occupations,stratum)
(jobs,occupations,production,middle-skill)
Inferred entity relationships (13)
(jobs,occupations,production,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,security,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(occupations,production,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,software) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

workers were on farms, the fields of health and medical care, finance and insurance, and software and computing had barely germinated.. . The majority of contemporary jobs are not remnants of historical occupations that have so far escaped automation (Autor et al., forthcoming) ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,software,remnants)
(jobs,occupations,software)
Inferred entity relationships (11)
(jobs,occupations,production,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,security,service) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,services) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,production,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,stratum) [inferred]
(jobs,occupations,service,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Although these jobs demand dexterity, sightedness, simple communication skills and common sense - and are therefore non-routine tasks, ill-suited to computerization - they are nevertheless low paid because they require little expertise: Most able-bodied adults can do them with minimal training and certification ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,computerization,ill-suited)
(jobs,non-routine,sightedness)
(jobs,computerization,sightedness)
(jobs,computerization,non-routine)
Inferred entity relationships (17)
(jobs,non-routine,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,production) [inferred]
(computerization,jobs,non-expert) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,verbalize) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,sightedness) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production) [inferred]
(computerization,jobs,sightedness) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi) [inferred]
(computerization,jobs,non-routine) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

By making information and calculation cheap and abundant, computerization catalyzed an unprecedented concentration of decision-making power, and accompanying resources, among elite experts (Deming, 2021) ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,computerization,decision-making)
(jobs,computerization,information)

WIP - Back to HLA

By making information and calculation cheap and abundant, computerization catalyzed an unprecedented concentration of decision-making power, and accompanying resources, among elite experts (Deming, 2021). ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,computerization,experts)

WIP - Back to HLA

Simultaneously, many of the most highly paid jobs in industrialized economies - oncologists, software engineers, patent lawyers, therapists, movie stars - did not exist until specific technological or social innovations created a need for them ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,software,patent)
(jobs,software,oncologists)

WIP - Back to HLA

This observation - that there exist many tasks that human beings intuitively understand how to perform but whose rules and procedures they cannot verbalize - is often referred to as Polanyi's Paradox .. . Because many high-paid jobs are intensive in non-routine tasks, Polanyi's Paradox proved a major constraint on what work traditional computers could do (Autor, 2014) ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,non-routine,polanyi)
(jobs,non-routine,verbalize)
Inferred entity relationships (14)
(jobs,non-routine,service,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,production) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,verbalize) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,sightedness) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations,service) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,shunted,workers) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,production) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,occupations) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi) [inferred]
(jobs,non-routine,polanyi,workers) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Jobs that require little training or certification, such as restaurant servers, janitors, manual laborers and (even) childcare workers, are typically found at the bottom of the wage ladder. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,countries,workers,childcare)
(jobs,countries,wage)
(jobs,countries,workers,wage)
Inferred entity relationships (8)
(countries,jobs,security) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,non-expert) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,services) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Jobs that require little training or certification, such as restaurant servers, janitors, manual laborers and (even) childcare workers, are typically found at the bottom of the wage ladder ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,countries,workers,janitors)
(jobs,countries,workers,restaurant)
(jobs,countries,workers,certification)
Inferred entity relationships (8)
(countries,jobs,security) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,non-expert) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,services) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Expertise is the primary source of labor's value in the US and other industrialized countries. Jobs that require little training or certification, such as restaurant servers, janitors, manual laborers and (even) childcare workers, are typically found at the bottom of the wage ladder ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,countries,restaurant)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(countries,jobs,security) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,non-expert) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,services) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Ironically, computerization proved just as consequential for those employed in non-expert work. Many of the lowest-paid jobs in industrialized countries are found in hands-on service occupations: food service, cleaning and janitorial services, security, and personal care ...
High Level Abstractions:

(jobs,countries,non-expert)
Inferred entity relationships (7)
(countries,jobs,security) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,service) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,services) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage,workers) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,restaurant) [inferred]
(countries,jobs,wage) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Prior to the computer era, there was essentially only one tool for symbolic processing: the human mind. The computer provided a second such tool, one with extraordinary capabilities and profound limitations ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,tool)

WIP - Back to HLA

AI will certainly also automate existing work, rendering certain existing areas of expertise irrelevant ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,services,automate)
(human,instantiate,automate)
(human,services,instantiate,automate)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(automate,human,instantiate) [inferred]
(automate,human,instantiate,services) [inferred]
(automate,human,services) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Like a human expert, AI can weave formal knowledge (rules) with acquired experience to make - or support - one-off, high-stakes decisions. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,knowledge,one-off)
Inferred entity relationships (5)
(human,knowledge,solos) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,workers) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,riffing) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,production) [inferred]
(human,knowledge,software) [inferred]

WIP - Back to HLA

Like the Industrial and Computer revolutions before it, Artificial Intelligence marks an inflection point in the economic value of human expertise ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,economic,computer)
(human,economic,artificial_intelligence)

WIP - Back to HLA

Won't AI do for human expertise what tractors did for ditch digging, assembly lines for artisanal expertise and calculators for long division - that is, automate them. ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,automate,calculators)

WIP - Back to HLA

Won't AI do for human expertise what tractors did for ditch digging, assembly lines for artisanal expertise and calculators for long division - that is, automate them ...
High Level Abstractions:

(human,automate,artisanal)
Inferred entity relationships (3)
(automate,human,instantiate) [inferred]
(automate,human,instantiate,services) [inferred]
(automate,human,services) [inferred]

Semantics Relevance

NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES APPLYING AI TO REBUILD MIDDLE CLASS JOBS